πνεῦμα

πνεῦμα, -τος, τό,

[in LXX chiefly and very frequently for רוּחַ ;]

1. of air in motion;

(a) wind: John 3:8; pl., Hebrews 1:7 (LXX);

(b) breath: π. ζωῆς, Revelation 11:11; π. τοῦ στόματος, figuratively, 2 Thessalonians 2:8 (cf. Ps 32 (33)6).

2. Of the vital principle, the spirit (Arist., Polyb., al.): Luke 8:55, John 19:30, Acts 7:59, al.; opposite to σάρξ, Matthew 26:41, Mark 14:38, 1 Corinthians 5:5, al.; to σῶμα, Romans 8:10, 1 Corinthians 6:17; 7:34, 1 Peter 4:6; to ψυχή, Philippians 1:27, Hebrews 4:12; τὸ π. καὶ ἡ ψ. καὶ τ. σῶμα, 1 Thessalonians 5:23 (M, Th., in l.); dative, τῷ π., in spirit, Mark 2:8; 8:12, John 11:33; 13:21, Acts 18:25, Romans 12:11, 1 Corinthians 7:34, 1 Peter 3:18, al.; of the human spirit of Christ, Romans 1:4, 1 Timothy 3:16.

3. spirit, i.e. frame of mind, disposition, influence: Luke 1:17, Romans 8:15, 1 Corinthians 4:21, Galatians 6:1, Ephesians 2:2, 2 Timothy 1:7, 1 John 4:6, al.

4. An incorporeal being, a spirit: Luke 24:37, 39, Acts 23:8; π. ὁ θεός, God is spirit, John 4:24; πατὴρ τῶν π., Hebrews 12:9; of disembodied human beings, Hebrews 12:23, 1 Peter 3:19 (ICC, in l.; DB, iii, 795); of angels. Hebrews 1:14; of demons or evil spirits, Matthew 8:16, Mark 9:20, Luke 9:39, al.; π. πύθυωνα, Acts 16:16; πνεύματα δαιμονίων, Revelation 16:14; π. δαιμονίου ἀκαθάρτου, Luke 4:33; π. ἀσθενείας (Bl., §35, 5), Luke 13:11; π. ἀκάθαρτον, Matthew 10:1, Mark 1:23, Luke 4:36, Acts 5:16; π. ἄλαλον (καὶ κωφόν), Mark 9:17, 25; πονηρόν, Luke 7:21, Acts 19:12, al.

5. Of the Holy Spirit, π. ἅγιον, τὸ ἅ. π., τὸ π. τὸ ἅ. τὸ π., π. (the article as a rule being used when the Spirit is regarded as a Person or a Divine Power, and omitted when the reference is to an operation, influence or gift of the Spirit; see WM, 151:5; Bl., §46, 7): anarth., Matthew 1:18; 3:11, 16 4:1, Mark 1:8 (Swete, in l.), ib.10, Luke 1:15, John 7:39, Acts 19:2, Romans 5:5, 1 Corinthians 2:4, al.; with art., Matthew 4:1; 12:31, 32, Mark 1:10; 3:29, Luke 2:26, John 7:36; 14:26, Acts 4:31; 5:3, Romans 8:16, al.; (τὸ) π. (τοῦ) θεοῦ, Matthew 3:16, Romans 8:9, Ephesians 3:16, 1 John 4:2, al.; τὸ π. τ. πατρός, Matthew 10:20; π. θεοῦ ζῶντος, 2 Corinthians 3:3; (τὸ) π. τοῦ κυρίου, Luke 4:18, Acts 5:9; 8:39; τὸ π. Ἰησοῦ, Acts 16:7; Χριστοῦ, Romans 8:9; Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ, Philippians 1:19; τὸ π. τ. ἀληθείας, John 15:26; 16:13, 1 John 4:6; λείγει (μαρτυρεῖ) τὸ π. (τὸ ἅγιον), Acts 21:11; 28:25, 1 Timothy 4:1, Hebrews 3:7; 10:15, Revelation 14:13; before τ. ἐκκλησίαις, Revelation 2:7, 11 17, 29, 3:6, 12, 22; ἐν τ. π., Luke 2:27; κατὰ πνεῦμα, Romans 8:4, 5; ἐξ ὕδατος καὶ π., John 3:5, διὰ πνεύματος αἰωνίου, Hebrews 9:14; ἐν ἁγιασμῷ πνεύματος, 2 Thessalonians 2:13, 1 Peter 1:2; ἓν π., 1 Corinthians 12:13, Ephesians 2:18; 4:4; ὁ δὲ κύριος τὸ π. ἐστιν, 2 Corinthians 3:17; of that which is effected or governed by the Spirit, opposite to γράμμα, Romans 2:29; 7:6, 2 Corinthians 3:6.

Synonyms: νοῦς, which in NT is contrasted with π. as "the action of the understanding in man with that of the spiritual or ecstatic impulse" (DB, iv, 612); ψυχή — the usual term in cl. psychology—in NT, "expresses man as apart from God, a separate individual, π. expresses man as drawing his life from God" (DB, 1-vol., 872).