Here, Israel contrasts with Judah, the southern kingdom. The pairing of Israel and Jerusalem represents a reunited Israel and the reclaiming of the covenant land.
The kingdoms of Assyria, Babylonia, Persia, and Israel were created through military conquest. In contrast, the kingdom of the Messiah will dismantle war machinery and eliminate all weapons (see Isaiah 2:4; 9:5; Micah 5:10–11; Joel 3:10).
The Euphrates River marked the northern border of the promised land (Genesis 15:18).
the ends of the earth: The righteous king will bring universal peace.