Og king of Bashan: See Numbers 21:33–35.
the Rephaim: These were native people living on both sides of the Jordan River. Many scholars believe the Rephaim were very tall (see Deuteronomy 3:11).
Ashtaroth and Edrei: Many rulers of large kingdoms had palaces in multiple cities. Joshua credits only Og with more than one capital. This suggests that his kingdom was larger than others Israel confronted, except for the kingdom of Sihon.