enmity: The prophet Isaiah looks ahead to a future when the Messiah's kingdom will restore all creation to peace, like the garden of Eden before humans disobeyed God (see Isaiah 11:8).
her seed (or offspring): This term can refer to a single descendant or many. In ancient Near Eastern culture, "you and your offspring" (see Genesis 28:14) describes a shared identity. Here, it describes ongoing hostility between humans and snakes.
The pattern is set using singular terms (He … you). Christian interpreters have traditionally understood this verse to be a prophecy about Christ. He is the seed of Abraham and fulfills the promise of the woman's seed (see Galatians 3:16; 4:4).
strike: This refers to the suffering of God's servant (see Isaiah 53). Crushing the serpent's head is a more decisive action. The death, resurrection, and final victory of Jesus over Satan fulfill this promise (see 1 Corinthians 15:55–57; Revelation 12:7–9; 20:7–10).