Nehemiah

Nehemiah, the son of Hacaliah, served as the governor of Judah and led the rebuilding of Jerusalem's walls in the mid-5th century BC.

The name Nehemiah means “consolation; repentance of the Lord”

MaleExile and Return eraOld Testament1 book120 verses

Summary

A man living at the time of Exile and Return, first mentioned at Nehemiah 1:1; only referred to as Nehemiah (נְחֶמְיָה); son of Hacaliah; a brother of Hanani.

Profile

Nehemiah was a strong leader of God's people in Judea after the exile to Babylon. He encouraged and strengthened God's people during difficult times.

Before Nehemiah went back to Judea, he served as the cup-bearer to the Persian king Artaxerxes I, who ruled from 465 to 424 BC. The cup-bearer brought wine to the king, tasting it first to ensure it was not poisoned. He was a trusted adviser. Nehemiah heard about Jerusalem's poor condition and felt compassion. He asked the king for permission to return to Judea to help his people. The king agreed and appointed him governor of Judea for twelve years to assist his fellow Jews and rebuild Jerusalem's walls (Nehemiah 1:1–2:8).

Nehemiah had the support of the Persian king, but he faced opposition from the local people. These people, of mixed heritage, were the ancestors of the New Testament Samaritans. Nehemiah showed great courage and skill as he helped the people of Judea rebuild the walls that protected Jerusalem.

Nehemiah had strong faith, shown by his prayers and his trust in divine guidance and help (Nehemiah 1:4–11; 2:4, 8, 18, 20). He also supported economic justice. He criticized some wealthy Judeans for taking advantage of a food shortage by charging high interest to their poorer relatives. He set an example of better behavior (Nehemiah 5).

Nehemiah cared deeply about the people's faithfulness. He personally confronted men who had married non-Jewish women (Nehemiah 13:23–29). He was committed to maintaining temple worship. He led the Jewish community to promise support for temple workers and to give offerings (Nehemiah 10:32–39). He also improved how they observed the Sabbath (Nehemiah 13:15–22).

Even though problems remained at the end of his time in Jerusalem (see Nehemiah 13), Nehemiah was a strong leader. He helped the Jewish settlers regain their national and religious identity during a time of political and economic weakness.

Passages for Further Study

Nehemiah 1:1–7:73; 8:9–10; 10:1–13:31

Glossary entries

Nehemiah (Person)

Family members

Father

Hacaliah

Siblings

Hanani

Alternative names

Mentions

Includes 115 verses that refer to Nehemiah without naming them, as “he”, “she”, or the subject of a verb.

  1. These are the words of Nehemiah son of Hacaliah: In the month of Chislev, in the twentieth year, while I was in the citadel of Susa,
  2. Nehemiah 1:2Referred to, not named
    Hanani, one of my brothers, arrived with men from Judah. So I questioned them about the remnant of the Jews who had survived the exile, and also about Jerusalem.
  3. Nehemiah 1:3Referred to, not named
    And they told me, “The remnant who survived the exile are there in the province, in great trouble and disgrace. The wall of Jerusalem is broken down, and its gates have been burned with fire.”
  4. Nehemiah 1:4Referred to, not named
    When I heard these words, I sat down and wept. I mourned for days, fasting and praying before the God of heaven.
  5. Nehemiah 1:5Referred to, not named
    Then I said: “O LORD, God of heaven, the great and awesome God who keeps His covenant of loving devotion with those who love Him and keep His commandments,
  6. Nehemiah 1:6Referred to, not named
    …let Your eyes be open and Your ears attentive to hear the prayer that I, Your servant, now pray before You day and night for Your servants, the Israelites. I confess the sins that we Israelites have committed against You. Both I and my father’s house have sinned.
  7. Nehemiah 1:7Referred to, not named
    We have behaved corruptly against You and have not kept the commandments, statutes, and ordinances that You gave Your servant Moses.
  8. Nehemiah 1:8Referred to, not named
    Remember, I pray, the word that You commanded Your servant Moses when You said, ‘If you are unfaithful, I will scatter you among the nations,
  9. Nehemiah 1:9Referred to, not named
    …but if you return to Me and keep and practice My commandments, then even if your exiles have been banished to the farthest horizon, I will gather them from there and bring them to the place I have chosen as a dwelling for My Name.’
  10. Nehemiah 1:11Referred to, not named
    O Lord, may Your ear be attentive to my prayer and to the prayers of Your servants who delight to revere Your name. Give Your servant success this day, I pray, and grant him mercy in the sight of this man.” (At that time I was the cupbearer to the king.)
  11. Nehemiah 2:1Referred to, not named
    Now in the month of Nisan, in the twentieth year of King Artaxerxes, when wine was set before him, I took the wine and gave it to the king. I had never been sad in his presence,
  12. Nehemiah 2:2Referred to, not named
    …so the king said to me, “Why is your face sad, though you are not ill? This could only be sadness of the heart.” I was overwhelmed with fear
  13. Nehemiah 2:3Referred to, not named
    …and replied to the king, “May the king live forever! Why should I not be sad when the city where my fathers are buried lies in ruins, and its gates have been destroyed by fire?”
  14. Nehemiah 2:4Referred to, not named
    “What is your request?” replied the king. So I prayed to the God of heaven
  15. Nehemiah 2:5Referred to, not named
    …and answered the king, “If it pleases the king, and if your servant has found favor in your sight, I ask that you send me to Judah, to the city where my fathers are buried, so that I may rebuild it.”
  16. Nehemiah 2:6Referred to, not named
    Then the king, with the queen seated beside him, asked me, “How long will your journey take, and when will you return?” So it pleased the king to send me, and I set a time.
  17. Nehemiah 2:7Referred to, not named
    I also said to him, “If it pleases the king, may letters be given to me for the governors west of the Euphrates, so that they will grant me safe passage until I reach Judah.
  18. Nehemiah 2:8Referred to, not named
    And may I have a letter to Asaph, keeper of the king’s forest, so that he will give me timber to make beams for the gates of the citadel to the temple, for the city wall, and for the house I will occupy.” And because the gracious hand of my God was upon me, the king granted my requests.
  19. Nehemiah 2:9Referred to, not named
    Then I went to the governors west of the Euphrates and gave them the king’s letters. The king had also sent army officers and cavalry with me.
  20. Nehemiah 2:11Referred to, not named
    After I had arrived in Jerusalem and had been there three days,
  21. Nehemiah 2:12Referred to, not named
    I set out at night with a few men. I did not tell anyone what my God had laid on my heart to do for Jerusalem. The only animal with me was the one on which I was riding.
  22. Nehemiah 2:13Referred to, not named
    So I went out at night through the Valley Gate toward the Well of the Serpent and the Dung Gate, and I inspected the walls of Jerusalem that had been broken down and the gates that had been destroyed by fire.
  23. Nehemiah 2:14Referred to, not named
    Then I went on to the Fountain Gate and the King’s Pool, but there was no room for the animal under me to get through;
  24. Nehemiah 2:15Referred to, not named
    …so I went up the valley by night and inspected the wall. Then I headed back and reentered through the Valley Gate.
  25. Nehemiah 2:16Referred to, not named
    The officials did not know where I had gone or what I was doing, for I had not yet told the Jews or priests or nobles or officials or any other workers.
  26. Nehemiah 2:17Referred to, not named
    Then I said to them, “You see the trouble we are in. Jerusalem lies in ruins, and its gates have been burned down. Come, let us rebuild the wall of Jerusalem, so that we will no longer be a disgrace.”
  27. Nehemiah 2:18Referred to, not named
    I also told them about the gracious hand of my God upon me, and what the king had said to me. “Let us start rebuilding,” they replied, and they set their hands to this good work.
  28. Nehemiah 2:19Referred to, not named
    But when Sanballat the Horonite, Tobiah the Ammonite official, and Geshem the Arab heard about this, they mocked us and ridiculed us, saying, “What is this you are doing? Are you rebelling against the king?”
  29. Nehemiah 2:20Referred to, not named
    So I answered them and said, “The God of heaven is the One who will grant us success. We, His servants, will start rebuilding, but you have no portion, right, or claim in Jerusalem.”
  30. Nehemiah 4:1Referred to, not named
    Now when Sanballat heard that we were rebuilding the wall, he was furious and filled with indignation. He ridiculed the Jews
  31. Nehemiah 4:4Referred to, not named
    Hear us, O God, for we are despised. Turn their scorn back upon their own heads, and let them be taken as plunder to a land of captivity.
  32. Nehemiah 4:6Referred to, not named
    So we rebuilt the wall until all of it was joined together up to half its height, for the people had a mind to work.
  33. Nehemiah 4:9Referred to, not named
    So we prayed to our God and posted a guard against them day and night.
  34. Nehemiah 4:11Referred to, not named
    And our enemies said, “Before they know or see a thing, we will come into their midst, kill them, and put an end to the work.”
  35. Nehemiah 4:12Referred to, not named
    At that time the Jews who lived nearby came and told us ten times over, “Wherever you turn, they will attack us.”
  36. Nehemiah 4:13Referred to, not named
    So I stationed men behind the lowest sections of the wall, at the vulnerable areas. I stationed them by families with their swords, spears, and bows.
  37. Nehemiah 4:14Referred to, not named
    After I had made an inspection, I stood up and said to the nobles, the officials, and the rest of the people, “Do not be afraid of them. Remember the Lord, who is great and awesome, and fight for your brothers, your sons and your daughters, your wives and your homes.”
  38. Nehemiah 4:15Referred to, not named
    When our enemies heard that we were aware of their scheme and that God had frustrated it, each of us returned to his own work on the wall.
  39. Nehemiah 4:16Referred to, not named
    And from that day on, half of my servants did the work while the other half held spears, shields, bows, and armor. The officers stationed themselves behind all the people of Judah
  40. Nehemiah 4:18Referred to, not named
    And each of the builders worked with his sword strapped at his side. But the trumpeter stayed beside me.
  41. Nehemiah 4:19Referred to, not named
    Then I said to the nobles, the officials, and the rest of the people: “The work is great and extensive, and we are spread out far from one another along the wall.
  42. Nehemiah 4:20Referred to, not named
    Wherever you hear the sound of the horn, rally to us there. Our God will fight for us!”
  43. Nehemiah 4:21Referred to, not named
    So we continued the work, while half of the men held spears from the break of dawn until the stars came out.
  44. Nehemiah 4:22Referred to, not named
    At that time I also said to the people, “Let every man and his servant spend the night inside Jerusalem, so that they can stand guard by night and work by day.”
  45. Nehemiah 4:23Referred to, not named
    So neither I nor my brothers nor my servants nor the guards with me changed out of our clothes; each carried his weapon, even to go for water.
  46. Nehemiah 5:6Referred to, not named
    When I heard their outcry and these complaints, I became extremely angry,
  47. Nehemiah 5:7Referred to, not named
    …and after serious thought I rebuked the nobles and officials, saying, “You are exacting usury from your own brothers!” So I called a large assembly against them
  48. Nehemiah 5:8Referred to, not named
    …and said, “We have done our best to buy back our Jewish brothers who were sold to foreigners, but now you are selling your own brothers, that they may be sold back to us!” But they remained silent, for they could find nothing to say.
  49. Nehemiah 5:9Referred to, not named
    So I continued, “What you are doing is not right. Shouldn’t you walk in the fear of our God to avoid the reproach of our foreign enemies?
  50. Nehemiah 5:10Referred to, not named
    I, as well as my brothers and my servants, have been lending the people money and grain. Please, let us stop this usury.
  51. Nehemiah 5:12Referred to, not named
    “We will restore it,” they replied, “and will require nothing more from them. We will do as you say.” So I summoned the priests and required of the nobles and officials an oath that they would do what they had promised.
  52. Nehemiah 5:13Referred to, not named
    I also shook out the folds of my robe and said, “May God likewise shake out of his house and possessions every man who does not keep this promise. May such a man be shaken out and have nothing!” The whole assembly said, “Amen,” and they praised the LORD. And the people did as they had promised.
  53. Nehemiah 5:14Referred to, not named
    Furthermore, from the day King Artaxerxes appointed me to be their governor in the land of Judah, from his twentieth year until his thirty-second year (twelve years total), neither I nor my brothers ate the food allotted to the governor.
  54. Nehemiah 5:15Referred to, not named
    The governors before me had heavily burdened the people, taking from them bread and wine plus forty shekels of silver. Their servants also oppressed the people. But I did not do this, because of my fear of God.
  55. Nehemiah 5:16Referred to, not named
    Instead, I devoted myself to the construction of the wall, and all my servants were gathered there for the work; we did not acquire any land.
  56. Nehemiah 5:17Referred to, not named
    There were 150 Jews and officials at my table, besides the guests from the surrounding nations.
  57. Nehemiah 5:18Referred to, not named
    Each day one ox, six choice sheep, and some fowl were prepared for me, and once every ten days an abundance of all kinds of wine was provided. But I did not demand the food allotted to the governor, because the burden on the people was so heavy.
  58. Nehemiah 5:19Referred to, not named
    Remember me favorably, O my God, for all that I have done for this people.
  59. Nehemiah 6:1Referred to, not named
    When Sanballat, Tobiah, Geshem the Arab, and the rest of our enemies heard that I had rebuilt the wall and not a gap was left—though to that time I had not yet installed the doors in the gates—
  60. Nehemiah 6:2Referred to, not named
    Sanballat and Geshem sent me this message: “Come, let us meet together in one of the villages on the plain of Ono.” But they were planning to harm me.
  61. Nehemiah 6:3Referred to, not named
    So I sent messengers to them, saying, “I am doing a great work and cannot come down. Why should the work stop while I leave it to go down to you?”
  62. Nehemiah 6:4Referred to, not named
    Four times they sent me the same message, and each time I gave the same reply.
  63. Nehemiah 6:5Referred to, not named
    The fifth time, Sanballat sent me this same message by his young servant, who had in his hand an unsealed letter
  64. Nehemiah 6:6Referred to, not named
    …that read: “It is reported among the nations—and Geshem agrees—that you and the Jews are plotting to revolt, and this is why you are building the wall. According to these reports, you are to become their king,
  65. Nehemiah 6:7Referred to, not named
    …and you have even appointed prophets in Jerusalem to proclaim on your behalf: ‘There is a king in Judah.’ Soon these rumors will reach the ears of the king. So come, let us confer together.”
  66. Nehemiah 6:8Referred to, not named
    Then I sent him this reply: “There is nothing to these rumors you are spreading; you are inventing them in your own mind.”
  67. Nehemiah 6:9Referred to, not named
    For they were all trying to frighten us, saying, “Their hands will be weakened in the work, and it will never be finished.” But now, my God, strengthen my hands.
  68. Nehemiah 6:10Referred to, not named
    Later, I went to the house of Shemaiah son of Delaiah, the son of Mehetabel, who was confined to his house. He said: “Let us meet at the house of God inside the temple. Let us shut the temple doors because they are coming to kill you—by night they are coming to kill you!”
  69. Nehemiah 6:11Referred to, not named
    But I replied, “Should a man like me run away? Should one like me go into the temple to save his own life? I will not go!”
  70. Nehemiah 6:12Referred to, not named
    I realized that God had not sent him, but that he had uttered this prophecy against me because Tobiah and Sanballat had hired him.
  71. Nehemiah 6:13Referred to, not named
    He had been hired to intimidate me so that I would sin by doing as he suggested, so they could give me a bad name in order to discredit me.
  72. Nehemiah 6:14Referred to, not named
    O my God, remember Tobiah and Sanballat for what they have done, and also Noadiah the prophetess and the other prophets who tried to intimidate me.
  73. Nehemiah 6:16Referred to, not named
    When all our enemies heard about this, all the surrounding nations were afraid and disheartened, for they realized that this task had been accomplished by our God.
  74. Nehemiah 6:19Referred to, not named
    Moreover, these nobles kept reporting to me Tobiah’s good deeds, and they relayed my words to him. And Tobiah sent letters to intimidate me.
  75. Nehemiah 7:1Referred to, not named
    When the wall had been rebuilt and I had set the doors in place, the gatekeepers, singers, and Levites were appointed.
  76. Nehemiah 7:2Referred to, not named
    Then I put my brother Hanani in charge of Jerusalem, along with Hananiah the commander of the fortress, because he was a faithful man who feared God more than most.
  77. Nehemiah 7:3Referred to, not named
    And I told them, “Do not open the gates of Jerusalem until the sun is hot. While the guards are on duty, keep the doors shut and securely fastened. And appoint the residents of Jerusalem as guards, some at their posts and some at their own homes.”
  78. Nehemiah 7:5Referred to, not named
    Then my God put it into my heart to assemble the nobles, the officials, and the people to be enrolled by genealogy. I found the genealogical register of those who had first returned, and I found the following written in it:
  79. Nehemiah the governor, Ezra the priest and scribe, and the Levites who were instructing the people said to all of them, “This day is holy to the LORD your God. Do not mourn or weep.” For all the people were weeping as they heard the words of the Law.
  80. Nehemiah 8:10Referred to, not named
    Then Nehemiah told them, “Go and eat what is rich, drink what is sweet, and send out portions to those who have nothing prepared, since today is holy to our Lord. Do not grieve, for the joy of the LORD is your strength.”
  81. Now these were the ones who sealed the document: Nehemiah the governor, son of Hacaliah, and also Zedekiah,
  82. Nehemiah 10:29Referred to, not named
    …hereby join with their noble brothers and commit themselves with a sworn oath to follow the Law of God given through His servant Moses and to obey carefully all the commandments, ordinances, and statutes of the LORD our Lord.
  83. Nehemiah 10:30Referred to, not named
    We will not give our daughters in marriage to the people of the land, and we will not take their daughters for our sons.
  84. Nehemiah 10:31Referred to, not named
    When the people of the land bring merchandise or any kind of grain to sell on the Sabbath day, we will not buy from them on a Sabbath or holy day. Every seventh year we will let the fields lie fallow and will cancel every debt.
  85. Nehemiah 10:32Referred to, not named
    We also place ourselves under the obligation to contribute a third of a shekel yearly for the service of the house of our God:
  86. Nehemiah 10:33Referred to, not named
    …for the showbread, for the regular grain offerings and burnt offerings, for the Sabbath offerings, for the New Moons and appointed feasts, for the holy offerings, for the sin offerings to make atonement for Israel, and for all the duties of the house of our God.
  87. Nehemiah 10:34Referred to, not named
    We have cast lots among the priests, Levites, and people for the donation of wood by our families at the appointed times each year. They are to bring it to the house of our God to burn on the altar of the LORD our God, as it is written in the Law.
  88. Nehemiah 10:35Referred to, not named
    We will also bring the firstfruits of our land and of every fruit tree to the house of the LORD year by year.
  89. Nehemiah 10:36Referred to, not named
    And we will bring the firstborn of our sons and our livestock, as it is written in the Law, and will bring the firstborn of our herds and flocks to the house of our God, to the priests who minister in the house of our God.
  90. Nehemiah 10:37Referred to, not named
    Moreover, we will bring to the priests at the storerooms of the house of our God the firstfruits of our dough, of our grain offerings, of the fruit of all our trees, and of our new wine and oil. A tenth of our produce belongs to the Levites, so that they shall receive tithes in all the towns where we labor.
  91. Nehemiah 10:38Referred to, not named
    A priest of Aaron’s line is to accompany the Levites when they collect the tenth, and the Levites are to bring a tenth of these tithes to the storerooms of the treasury in the house of our God.
  92. Nehemiah 10:39Referred to, not named
    For the Israelites and the Levites are to bring the contributions of grain, new wine, and oil to the storerooms where the articles of the sanctuary are kept and where the ministering priests, the gatekeepers, and the singers stay. Thus we will not neglect the house of our God.”
  93. They served in the days of Joiakim son of Jeshua, the son of Jozadak, and in the days of Nehemiah the governor and Ezra the priest and scribe.
  94. Nehemiah 12:31Referred to, not named
    Then I brought the leaders of Judah up on the wall, and I appointed two great thanksgiving choirs. One was to proceed along the top of the wall to the right, toward the Dung Gate.
  95. Nehemiah 12:38Referred to, not named
    The second thanksgiving choir proceeded to the left, and I followed it with half the people along the top of the wall, past the Tower of the Ovens to the Broad Wall,
  96. Nehemiah 12:40Referred to, not named
    The two thanksgiving choirs then stood in the house of God, as did I, along with the half of the officials accompanying me,
  97. So in the days of Zerubbabel and Nehemiah, all Israel contributed the daily portions for the singers and gatekeepers. They also set aside daily portions for the Levites, and the Levites set aside daily portions for the descendants of Aaron.
  98. Nehemiah 13:2Referred to, not named
    …because they had not met the Israelites with food and water, but had hired Balaam to call down a curse against them (although our God had turned the curse into a blessing).
  99. Nehemiah 13:4Referred to, not named
    Now before this, Eliashib the priest, a relative of Tobiah, had been put in charge of the storerooms of the house of our God
  100. Nehemiah 13:6Referred to, not named
    While all this was happening, I was not in Jerusalem, because I had returned to Artaxerxes king of Babylon in the thirty-second year of his reign. Some time later I obtained leave from the king
  101. Nehemiah 13:7Referred to, not named
    …to return to Jerusalem. Then I discovered the evil that Eliashib had done on behalf of Tobiah by providing him a room in the courts of the house of God.
  102. Nehemiah 13:8Referred to, not named
    And I was greatly displeased and threw all of Tobiah’s household goods out of the room.
  103. Nehemiah 13:9Referred to, not named
    Then I ordered that the rooms be purified, and I had the articles of the house of God restored to them, along with the grain offerings and frankincense.
  104. Nehemiah 13:10Referred to, not named
    I also learned that because the portions for the Levites had not been given to them, all the Levites and singers responsible for performing the service had gone back to their own fields.
  105. Nehemiah 13:11Referred to, not named
    So I rebuked the officials and asked, “Why has the house of God been neglected?” Then I gathered the Levites and singers together and stationed them at their posts,
  106. Nehemiah 13:13Referred to, not named
    I appointed as treasurers over the storerooms Shelemiah the priest, Zadok the scribe, and Pedaiah of the Levites, with Hanan son of Zaccur, the son of Mattaniah, to assist them, because they were considered trustworthy. They were responsible for distributing the supplies to their fellow Levites.
  107. Nehemiah 13:14Referred to, not named
    Remember me for this, O my God, and do not blot out my deeds of loving devotion for the house of my God and for its services.
  108. Nehemiah 13:15Referred to, not named
    In those days I saw people in Judah treading winepresses on the Sabbath and bringing in grain and loading it on donkeys, along with wine, grapes, and figs. All kinds of goods were being brought into Jerusalem on the Sabbath day. So I warned them against selling food on that day.
  109. Nehemiah 13:17Referred to, not named
    Then I rebuked the nobles of Judah and asked, “What is this evil you are doing—profaning the Sabbath day?
  110. Nehemiah 13:18Referred to, not named
    Did not your forefathers do the same things, so that our God brought all this disaster on us and on this city? And now you are rekindling His wrath against Israel by profaning the Sabbath!”
  111. Nehemiah 13:19Referred to, not named
    When the evening shadows began to fall on the gates of Jerusalem, just before the Sabbath, I ordered that the gates be shut and not opened until after the Sabbath. I posted some of my servants at the gates so that no load could enter on the Sabbath day.
  112. Nehemiah 13:21Referred to, not named
    …but I warned them, “Why are you camping in front of the wall? If you do it again, I will lay hands on you.” From that time on, they did not return on the Sabbath.
  113. Nehemiah 13:22Referred to, not named
    Then I instructed the Levites to purify themselves and guard the gates in order to keep the Sabbath day holy. Remember me for this as well, O my God, and show me mercy according to Your abundant loving devotion.
  114. Nehemiah 13:23Referred to, not named
    In those days I also saw Jews who had married women from Ashdod, Ammon, and Moab.
  115. Nehemiah 13:25Referred to, not named
    I rebuked them and called down curses on them. I beat some of these men and pulled out their hair. Then I made them take an oath before God and said, “You must not give your daughters in marriage to their sons or take their daughters as wives for your sons or for yourselves!
  116. Nehemiah 13:27Referred to, not named
    Must we now hear that you too are doing all this terrible evil and acting unfaithfully against our God by marrying foreign women?”
  117. Nehemiah 13:28Referred to, not named
    Even one of the sons of Jehoiada son of Eliashib the high priest had become a son-in-law to Sanballat the Horonite. Therefore I drove him away from me.
  118. Nehemiah 13:29Referred to, not named
    Remember them, O my God, because they have defiled the priesthood and the covenant of the priesthood and of the Levites.
  119. Nehemiah 13:30Referred to, not named
    Thus I purified the priests and Levites from everything foreign, and I assigned specific duties to each of the priests and Levites.
  120. Nehemiah 13:31Referred to, not named
    I also arranged for contributions of wood at the appointed times, and for the firstfruits. Remember me, O my God, with favor.