Pharaoh
The name Pharaoh means “that disperses; that spoils”
Summary
Profile
"Pharaoh" is an Egyptian word that means "great house." It refers to the royal palace and is also a title for the king of Egypt. During Joseph's time, the pharaoh viewed the Israelites favorably. Joseph interpreted the pharaoh's dreams, which led to his promotion as second-in-command in Egypt (Genesis 41:1–44). Pharaoh gave Joseph's family the best land in Egypt (Genesis 45:16–20). The Israelites grew in number and prospered there.
Two pharaohs are mentioned in the book of Exodus, and neither valued the Hebrew people (see Exodus 1:8–10). The first pharaoh ruled when Moses was born. He feared the Hebrews and ordered the killing of all Hebrew baby boys. Moses escaped death and was raised by Pharaoh’s daughter in the palace. This pharaoh died after Moses fled from Egypt (Exodus 2:23).
A new pharaoh came to power, and Moses and Aaron later confronted him. This pharaoh was determined to keep the Israelites in Egypt. He stayed stubborn even when he saw God's power. The Bible describes his unwillingness to change (see Exodus 8:32; 9:12, 34–35; compare Romans 1:18–32).
As king, the pharaoh represented the gods' rule over Egypt, giving him complete power. The plagues were God's attacks on Egypt's false gods (see Exodus 12:12). The final plague, the death of the firstborn, targeted Pharaoh's household. This decisive plague convinced Pharaoh to let Israel go. However, after the Israelites left, Pharaoh changed his mind and pursued them to the Red Sea. God's rescue of the defenseless Israelites and the destruction of the powerful Egyptians at the Red Sea is one of the most dramatic rescues in the Old Testament. The Lord revealed himself at the Red Sea as a warrior who fought for his people (Exodus 15:3).
The pharaohs in Exodus are not named, likely following Egyptian tradition. If the Israelites left Egypt in the 1400s BC, the pharaoh might have been Thutmose III, who ruled from around 1504 to 1450 BC. If it occurred in the 1200s BC, based on another timeline, the pharaoh might have been Rameses II, who ruled from around 1279 to 1213 BC.
Passages for Further Study
Events
- Joseph imprisonedc. 1718 BC
- 7 years of plentyc. 1715 BC
Alternative names
Mentions
Includes 12 verses that refer to Pharaoh without naming them, as “he”, “she”, or the subject of a verb.
- Meanwhile, the Midianites sold Joseph in Egypt to Potiphar, an officer of Pharaoh and captain of the guard.
- Meanwhile, Joseph had been taken down to Egypt, where an Egyptian named Potiphar, an officer of Pharaoh and captain of the guard, bought him from the Ishmaelites who had taken him there.
- Pharaoh was angry with his two officers, the chief cupbearer and the chief baker,
- Genesis 40:3Referred to, not named…and imprisoned them in the house of the captain of the guard, the same prison where Joseph was confined.
- So he asked the officials of Pharaoh who were in custody with him in his master’s house, “Why are your faces so downcast today?”
- Pharaoh’s cup was in my hand, and I took the grapes, squeezed them into his cup, and placed the cup in his hand.”
- Within three days Pharaoh will lift up your head and restore your position. You will put Pharaoh’s cup in his hand, just as you did when you were his cupbearer.
- But when it goes well for you, please remember me and show me kindness by mentioning me to Pharaoh, that he might bring me out of this prison.
- In the top basket were all sorts of baked goods for Pharaoh, but the birds were eating them out of the basket on my head.”
- Within three days Pharaoh will lift off your head and hang you on a tree. Then the birds will eat the flesh of your body.”
- On the third day, which was Pharaoh’s birthday, he held a feast for all his officials, and in their presence he lifted up the heads of the chief cupbearer and the chief baker.
- Pharaoh restored the chief cupbearer to his position, so that he once again placed the cup in Pharaoh’s hand.
- Genesis 40:22Referred to, not namedBut Pharaoh hanged the chief baker, just as Joseph had described to them in his interpretation.
- After two full years had passed, Pharaoh had a dream: He was standing beside the Nile,
- And the cows that were sickly and thin devoured the seven sleek, well-fed cows. Then Pharaoh woke up,
- Genesis 41:5Referred to, not named…but he fell back asleep and dreamed a second time: Seven heads of grain, plump and ripe, came up on one stalk.
- And the thin heads of grain swallowed up the seven plump, ripe ones. Then Pharaoh awoke and realized it was a dream.
- In the morning his spirit was troubled, so he summoned all the magicians and wise men of Egypt. Pharaoh told them his dreams, but no one could interpret them for him.
- Then the chief cupbearer said to Pharaoh, “Today I recall my failures.
- Pharaoh was once angry with his servants, and he put me and the chief baker in the custody of the captain of the guard.
- Genesis 41:13Referred to, not namedAnd it happened to us just as he had interpreted: I was restored to my position, and the other man was hanged.”
- So Pharaoh sent for Joseph, who was quickly brought out of the dungeon. After he had shaved and changed his clothes, he went in before Pharaoh.
- Pharaoh said to Joseph, “I had a dream, and no one can interpret it. But I have heard it said of you that when you hear a dream you can interpret it.”
- “I myself cannot do it,” Joseph replied, “but God will give Pharaoh a sound answer.”
- Then Pharaoh said to Joseph: “In my dream I was standing on the bank of the Nile,
- Genesis 41:19Referred to, not namedAfter them, seven other cows—sickly, ugly, and thin—came up. I have never seen such ugly cows in all the land of Egypt!
- Genesis 41:21Referred to, not namedWhen they had devoured them, however, no one could tell that they had done so; their appearance was as ugly as it had been before. Then I awoke.
- Genesis 41:22Referred to, not namedIn my dream I also saw seven heads of grain, plump and ripe, growing on a single stalk.
- Genesis 41:24Referred to, not namedAnd the thin heads of grain swallowed the seven plump ones. I told this dream to the magicians, but no one could explain it to me.”
- At this, Joseph said to Pharaoh, “The dreams of Pharaoh are one and the same. God has revealed to Pharaoh what He is about to do.
- It is just as I said to Pharaoh: God has shown Pharaoh what He is about to do.
- Moreover, because the dream was given to Pharaoh in two versions, the matter has been decreed by God, and He will carry it out shortly.
- Now, therefore, Pharaoh should look for a discerning and wise man and set him over the land of Egypt.
- Let Pharaoh take action and appoint commissioners over the land to take a fifth of the harvest of Egypt during the seven years of abundance.
- Under the authority of Pharaoh, let them collect all the excess food from these good years, that they may come and lay up the grain to be preserved as food in the cities.
- This proposal pleased Pharaoh and all his officials.
- So Pharaoh asked them, “Can we find anyone like this man, in whom the Spirit of God abides?”
- Then Pharaoh said to Joseph, “Since God has made all this known to you, there is no one as discerning and wise as you.
- Genesis 41:40Referred to, not namedYou shall be in charge of my house, and all my people are to obey your commands. Only with regard to the throne will I be greater than you.”
- Pharaoh also told Joseph, “I hereby place you over all the land of Egypt.”
- Then Pharaoh removed the signet ring from his finger, put it on Joseph’s finger, clothed him in garments of fine linen, and placed a gold chain around his neck.
- Genesis 41:43Referred to, not namedHe had Joseph ride in his second chariot, with men calling out before him, “Bow the knee!” So he placed him over all the land of Egypt.
- And Pharaoh declared to Joseph, “I am Pharaoh, but without your permission, no one in all the land of Egypt shall lift his hand or foot.”
- Pharaoh gave Joseph the name Zaphenath-paneah, and he gave him Asenath daughter of Potiphera, priest of On, to be his wife. And Joseph took charge of all the land of Egypt.
- Now Joseph was thirty years old when he entered the service of Pharaoh king of Egypt. And Joseph left Pharaoh’s presence and traveled throughout the land of Egypt.
- When extreme hunger came to all the land of Egypt and the people cried out to Pharaoh for food, he told all the Egyptians, “Go to Joseph and do whatever he tells you.”
- And this is how you will be tested: As surely as Pharaoh lives, you shall not leave this place unless your youngest brother comes here.
- Send one of your number to get your brother; the rest of you will be confined so that the truth of your words may be tested. If they are untrue, then as surely as Pharaoh lives, you are spies!”
- Then Judah approached Joseph and said, “Sir, please let your servant speak personally to my lord. Do not be angry with your servant, for you are equal to Pharaoh himself.
- But he wept so loudly that the Egyptians heard him, and Pharaoh’s household soon heard of it.
- Therefore it was not you who sent me here, but God, who has made me a father to Pharaoh—lord of all his household and ruler over all the land of Egypt.
- When the news reached Pharaoh’s house that Joseph’s brothers had come, Pharaoh and his servants were pleased.
- Pharaoh said to Joseph, “Tell your brothers, ‘Do as follows: Load your animals and return to the land of Canaan.
- So the sons of Israel did as they were told. Joseph gave them wagons as Pharaoh had instructed, and he also gave them provisions for their journey.
- Then Jacob departed from Beersheba, and the sons of Israel took their father Jacob in the wagons Pharaoh had sent to carry him, along with their children and wives.
- Joseph said to his brothers and to his father’s household, “I will go up and inform Pharaoh: ‘My brothers and my father’s household from the land of Canaan have come to me.
- When Pharaoh summons you and asks, ‘What is your occupation?’
- Genesis 46:34Referred to, not named…you are to say, ‘Your servants have raised livestock ever since our youth—both we and our fathers.’ Then you will be allowed to settle in the land of Goshen, since all shepherds are detestable to the Egyptians.”
- So Joseph went and told Pharaoh: “My father and my brothers, with their flocks and herds and all they own, have come from the land of Canaan and are now in Goshen.”
- And he chose five of his brothers and presented them before Pharaoh.
- “What is your occupation?” Pharaoh asked Joseph’s brothers. “Your servants are shepherds,” they replied, “both we and our fathers.”
- Then they said to Pharaoh, “We have come to live in the land for a time, because there is no pasture for the flocks of your servants, since the famine in the land of Canaan has been severe. So now, please allow your servants to settle in the land of Goshen.”
- Pharaoh said to Joseph, “Now that your father and brothers have come to you,
- Genesis 47:6Referred to, not named…the land of Egypt is before you; settle your father and brothers in the best part of the land. They may dwell in the land of Goshen. And if you know of any talented men among them, put them in charge of my own livestock.”
- Then Joseph brought in his father Jacob and presented him before Pharaoh, and Jacob blessed Pharaoh.
- “How many years have you lived?” Pharaoh asked.
- “My travels have lasted 130 years,” Jacob replied. “My years have been few and hard, and they have not matched the years of the travels of my fathers.”
- Then Jacob blessed Pharaoh and departed from his presence.
- So Joseph settled his father and brothers in the land of Egypt and gave them property in the best part of the land, the district of Rameses, as Pharaoh had commanded.
- Joseph collected all the money to be found in the land of Egypt and the land of Canaan in exchange for the grain they were buying, and he brought it into Pharaoh’s palace.
- Why should we perish before your eyes—we and our land as well? Purchase us and our land in exchange for food. Then we, along with our land, will be slaves to Pharaoh. Give us seed that we may live and not die, and that the land may not become desolate.”
- So Joseph acquired for Pharaoh all the land in Egypt; the Egyptians, one and all, sold their fields because the famine was so severe upon them. The land became Pharaoh’s,
- However, he did not acquire the priests’ portion of the land, for it had been given to them by Pharaoh. They ate the rations that Pharaoh supplied; so they did not sell their land.
- Then Joseph said to the people, “Now that I have acquired you and your land for Pharaoh this day, here is seed for you to sow in the land.
- At harvest time, you are to give a fifth of it to Pharaoh, and four-fifths will be yours as seed for the field and food for yourselves and your households and children.”
- “You have saved our lives,” they said. “We have found favor in our lord’s eyes, and we will be Pharaoh’s servants.”
- So Joseph established a law that a fifth of the produce belongs to Pharaoh, and it is in effect in the land of Egypt to this day. Only the priests’ land does not belong to Pharaoh.
- When the days of mourning had passed, Joseph said to Pharaoh’s court, “If I have found favor in your eyes, please tell Pharaoh that
- Pharaoh replied, “Go up and bury your father, as he made you swear to do.”
- Then Joseph went to bury his father, and all the servants of Pharaoh accompanied him—the elders of Pharaoh’s household and all the elders of the land of Egypt—
- …and rescued him from all his troubles. He granted Joseph favor and wisdom in the sight of Pharaoh king of Egypt, who appointed him ruler over Egypt and all his household.
- On their second visit, Joseph revealed his identity to his brothers, and his family became known to Pharaoh.